Thursday, 27 November 2008
譚貢之戰~
Tuesday, 25 November 2008
The first World War
Causes
1) After the industrial revolution, the European countries needs more raw materials and larger market → conflicts on territorial expansion
2) On Late 19th century onwards they start arm themselves → arms race, naval race between Germany and Britain on dreadnoughts which were the best battleships that time.
3) Extreme Nationalism (EN)－ protect/support the (other) country with the same type of people . Germany － Austria-Hungary － Pan-Germanism and Russia － Serbia － Pan-Slavism.
4) Alliance system (AS)－ France was defeated in Franco-Prussian War in 1870 to Germany and loss Alsace and Lorraine (industrial area), they hate Germany. Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy formed Triple Alliance on 1882 and France, Britain and Russia afraid them and formed Triple Enterte 25 years later (1907). They have been divided into 2 rivals.
Outbreak
28th June 1914, Archduke Ferdinand of Austria and his wife was assassinated by a Serb when they visited Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina which are land of Austria-Hungary but Serb as a main population there. Russia support Serbia (EN) while Germany (EN) and France(AS) support Austria-Hungary and they joined the war.
3rd Aug. 1914, Germany attacks France, they walks through Belgium so that Britain declare war on Germany (protect Belgium).
Feb. 1917, Germany start to attack all merchants ship towards Britain and USA suffers lost. USA declare war on Germany then.
1918, Germany attacks Paris again but lost, the military attacks Germany and she surrendered on Nov. 1918 in Paris called the Paris Peace Conference, Germany is forced to sign Treaty of Versailles. This made her felt humiliates and wanted revenge → cause of WWII.
Results
Treaty of Versailles
1) Germany is solely responsible for the war.
2) Lose all colonies.
3) Banned military(less then 100000 solders), no up-to-date weapons and can’t produce armaments.
4) Pay the cost of war.
European empire collapses and new nations － Russia → U.S.S.R.(Soviet Union, Communist); Germany and Turkey becomes republics, Austria-Hungary becomes two country (Austria & Hungary). New country formed - Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.
Develop new weapons －tank, canon, submarines, air ship and poison gas.
Heavy casualties and sereve destructions － 8 million solders killed.
Rising state of Women－more independent, earn their own salaries and in charge of the household finances.
Formations of League of Nations in Geneva in 1920 to settle international disputes in the future and to prevent outbreak of another world war.
Sunday, 23 November 2008
F.3 I.S. Chemistry - Introduction to Metals and atomic structure
Chemistry – Metals and basic atomic structure
1) Metals are a categories of common used materials.
2) There’re 9 common properties of metals: Shiny, good conductors of electricity and heat, malleability(pressed into sheets), ductility(pulled into wires), strong(hard), high melting point and boiling point and high density.
3) There are exceptions for those properties, e.g. graphite(a form of carbon) is hard, shiny, good conductors electricity and high melting point; sodium is soft, low-melting and light.
4) Choosing the suitable metals usually refers to the strength, electrical conductivity, resistance to corrode in are, appearance and cost. For example, Gold is used for making jewellery because it’s high cost, shiny surface and resists corrosion. Treated aluminium is used for making window frames because aluminium oxide resists corrosion.
5) The history of usage on metals－ Copper age (5k-3.5kBC), Bronze (mixture of copper and tin) age (3.5-1.5kBC) and Iron age (using iron and steel and sometimes other materials; shape-memory alloys and use of superconductivity; 1.5kBC afterwards)
6) Elements are thing that can’t be split up into anything simpler, e.g. carbon. They can be further classified into metals and non-metals (and metalloid).
7) Compound contains two or more compound through chemical reaction, e.g., burns carbon forms carbon dioxide. They may have independent properties from the original elements, e.g., H and O are flammable but H2O is water.
8) Mixture contains two or more elements or compounds, they are only mixed.
9) There’re 109 elements up to now which 92 is found in nature and the others were made by scientists. There’re 11 gases, 2 liquid(bromine and mercury) and the others are solids in room temperature and pressure. The 11 gases are H, N, O, F, Cl and 6 noble gases.
10) Comparing the metals and non-metals, the metals are usually silvery white (except gold and copper) and non-metals are usually dull and variously coloured. Sonorous－a sound produced when you hit it) for metals and other metals properties.
11) Metalloids have some properties from metals and non-metals and they are commonly used in industry. For example, silicon is a semi-conductor in transistors and silicon chips.
12) Atom is the basic constituent particle of an elements and the smallest, basic particle of an elements with diameters about 10-8cm and masses of 10-23g. An elements of substances is only made up of one kind of atoms.
13) The chemical symbols for elements are also the atomic symbols for their atoms. For example, C represents element carbon or carbon atom.
14) Atoms are made up of three fundamental particles as protons(1+), neutrons(0) and electrons(1-) as known as sub-atomic particles. In the centre of atoms is a tiny and dense region as nucleus where proton and neutron is and they stick tightly together with the about same mass.
15) In a normal atom there should be no charge because no. of protons = no. of electrons. Protons and neutrons have relative mass of 1; proton and electron have relative charge of +1 and -1.
16) Electrons occupied most place outside of nucleus and inside the atom.
Tuesday, 18 November 2008
Unit 3-4 - "introduction to Hong Kong industries and economy"
The role of government in Hong Kong’s economy
1) Previous capitalist system and way of life for 50 years; protect private property rights and previous economic policies including free trade policy, freedom of capital movement, low tax policy and free port policy.
1) Clear vision of direction of economic development.
1) Minimize the intervention of government to the market.
2) Business-friendly environment－principle of equality before law, respects the independent of the judiciary, salary tax and corporate profits tax lowest among the world→labour works and attracts foreign investment.
3) Provide infrastructure for market to run more efficiency
Transport － good transportation, e.g., Highway and road
Industrial sector for developing hi-tech industry, e.g. Cyberport and Science Park.
Commercial sector－platform to sell, e.g. Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre (HKCEC)
Tourism － attracts more tourism, e.g., Hong Kong Disneyland
4) The government also encourage private enterprise to provide some infrastructure (to lower the expenditure of gov. in order to hold low tax) , e.g., electricity, gas, LPG (energy sector), construction and separation of container termination (transport), telecommunication services.
5) Education and training forms knowledge-based economy－pro-knowledge, tech. and skills needed to rise productivity.
12 years free and universal education for child for school-going age; expand higher education for pro-workers; vocational training for skilled workers; retraining courses to upgrade workers’ skill; assist and encourage containing education with educating fund; Import foreign talents to rise Hong Kong’s competitive power
6) Supporting Authority － Hong Kong Monetary Authority keeps HKD stable (by linking with USD through foreign exchange fund) and supervise operation of banking industry.
7) The Securities and Futures Commission of Hong Kong(SFC) monitor operation of stock exchange market/financial investment and commodity exchange market.
8) Office of Telecommunications Authority monitor telecommunications services, encourage competition and protect consumer interests.
The problems of Hong Kong industries(manufacturing) : It’s belonging to secondary production and it is declining after the Civil war. There’s 3 internal reason and 3 external reason.
Internal:
I) The high production cost. It including all the cost that during the production, mainly is rent and wages. The high land prices and salary rises the production cost and rises the selling prices. That causes the lower competition power comparing to countries which have lower production cost.
II) Low technology sector would also lower the competitive power. This may lower the quality and some technology industry. Although the government is developing technology sector, this is only a long term training. Hong Kong is lack of talents, resources and experience.
III) Lack of land is also a problem. Basing on the lacking of land, we can’t develop heavy industries(occupies large land and capital). We even can’t do reclamations because of the environmental protection.
External:
I) There are lots of foreign competitors. Taiwan, Singapore and S. Korea has higher technology and mainland, Malaysia maintains lower production cost.
II) In other countries, by protecting their local industries, tariffs (import tax) and import quota is set by other countries. Hong Kong even can’t take revenge because Hong Kong is lack of different kind of resources. Taking those measures may only suffer ourselves.
III) Countries which have partner relationship to Hong Kong is not too much. So that Hong Kong’s industries is easily affected by outside’s economic situation.
Solution I) Move production process to mainland→reduce production cost.
II) Diversify products and markets →reduce reliance on European and US market, explore new market such as Russia.
III) Improve investing environment－provide cheap land and low-interest loans to manufacturers→reduce effect from trade restriction.
IV) Develop and support high-tech industries as Ch.3.
V) Establish institutions for industrial development－ Trade and Industry Department: 1)Handle trade policies, agreements and international trade relation. 2)provide services for manufacturing industries and S/M enterprises. HK science and Tech. Parks Corporation－1)cultivate new tech. companies by giving training program 2)provide land/facilities for manu. and high-tech. industries. Hong Kong Productivity Council－helping with value- added product by providing pro. services. Hong Kong Export Credit Insurance Corporation: export insurance for local exporters against non-payment risk due to commercial and political event.
Hong Kong Trade and development Council－Conduct trading connection through the world and hold exhibition and publications to promote local products.
Unit 1-2 - "introduction to Hong Kong industries and economy"
The structure in Hong Kong economy
Economy includes the production firms(supply), exchange(trade; buy and sell) and consumption.
There are three types of production: primary production, secondary production and tertiary production.
1) Primary production means that the production that getting resources from nature and output raw materials. For example, mining is getting coal or metals from nature.
2) Secondary production changes from raw material(s) to finished product or semi-finished product. Semi-finished product will further be in more process under tertiary production. For example, the production of paper from wood is a kind of secondary production.
3) Tertiary production is the process from semi-finished product to finished product. For example, teaching by using book, etc. is a kind of tertiary production.
4) The rising of production cost (rental cost, salary and prices of raw materials, etc.) leading to the declining of secondary production and not enough natural resources for primary production so that tertiary production is important in Hong Kong. People worked in secondary production are changing to tertiary production. Primary production requires hard work but unstable income. They are willing to sell their land and uses the money to change the living style.
5) Inter-relationship between the three types of production: Tertiary production provides services to both primary and secondary production; secondary production provides tool (fertilizer and machine) to primary production and semi-finished product to tertiary production; primary production provides raw material to both secondary (wheat) and tertiary production (oil).
The main feature of Hong Kong economy
The main features are private property rights and free market economic system.
1) Private property rights refer to the right to use, right to transfer (sell) and right to derive income.
2) The advantage of those rights is that people will best use their resources to earn money, thus stimulate people’s incentive to work and business people’s incentive to invest and promote economic development.
3) In order to maintain those rights, the government set laws to protect them and the government even can’t confiscate people’s property at will, compensation is needed. if the confiscation is legal according to the law.
4) The free market economic system refers to the price mechanism－people take part in buying and selling based on private property rights.
5) They can freely negotiate prices.
6) The system was set by market but not the government and it’s based on the well define of private property rights.
7) Prices and quantities of a commodity adjust automatically according to the market supply and demand.8) Hong Kong is one of the freest economies in the world and people can freely engage in buying, selling, investment as well as choosing their jobs.
Saturday, 15 November 2008
MSN踩地雷(3)
結果：25:18(腰斬)
戰略：消極；雙方沒用炸彈
遊戲成分(共100分)：運氣60；技巧28；策略10；大意2
開局(紅色大框範圍)：一個正常的開局，我方先手開藍色格，對手開斜角的一著頗有風險，幸好範圍不夠大，到開到綠色3和附近的大數字後進入中盤。
插曲．不尋常的分佈(藍色大框)：對手開到5，揭到後呈S形向上開。我方開到藍色5，對方一口氣取下4個後撞中了一堆地雷，值得一提的是，他的原意是沿地雷線開，避免對於開啟大量地雷後的一般機率急降時開到空格。後來我方開了綠色空格，對方開到了紫色5，我方毫無困難取下了5粒(7粒中下方2粒很早開到)。
中盤(紫色大框)：一如對手所料，不尋常分佈後會出現大量空格，在被動性策略正常發揮下擴大了少許優勢，以13:23進入了終局。
我方開到了一大片空格，對方雖然取得5粒已沒法追回，如圖所支的最後2步用的是消減法，即沿地雷線將特定範圍的可能拔去，屬消極的打法。雖然在開一大片空格後一般機率比初始值還高，但要提防密集分佈是的比數轉變，因此消減法是正確的做法。
在邊局中雙方可說是運氣主宰，在終局之前實在沒有太多的技巧運用，甚至炸了左上角已經有可怕的11個了。
Friday, 14 November 2008
More on MSN踩地雷
Monday, 10 November 2008
Calculator program that will be useful in Mathematics lesson
Factorization (100 bytes)
Factorizing $Ax^2+Bx+C$ and find it’s solution.
Mem clear: ?→A: ?→B: ?→C: B² - 4AC→C: . 5( A-1(√C - B→X◢ . 5( A-1(- √C - B→Y◢ Lbl 0: 1M+: XM: Fix 0: Rnd: Norm 1: XM - Ans => Goto 0: A÷M→A: MM-◢ - XAns◢ Y→X: D=0→D => Goto 0: A
e.g. factorize $2x^2+8x+6$.
Select program
2 EXE 8 EXE 6 EXE (show -1, 1st root) EXE (show -3 3rd root) EXE (show 1, coeff. of x in the first factor) EXE (show 1, constant term), EXE (1) EXE (3) EXE 2 (constant factor)
So that $2x^2+8x+6 = 2(x+1)(x+3)$
Simplification of square roots (47 bytes)
MM-: ?→A: ?→C: AC→A: Sci 5: Lbl 0: 1M+: √AM-1→ B: Rnd: B - Ans => Goto 0: Norm 1: B┘C◢ M
e.g. simplify $\sqrt{8/27}$
select program, input, 8, 27, show 2/9 and 6 so that $\sqrt{8/27}=\frac{2}{9}\sqrt{6}$
e.g.2, sqrt(18), input 18, 1 show 3 and 2. $\sqrt{18}=3\sqrt{2}$.
e.g.3 sqrt(0.75), input 0.75, 1 show 0.5 and 3, $\sqrt{0.75}=0.5\sqrt{3}$
Another program for simplification of square root (64 bytes)
?→A: ?→D: AD→A: 1: Fix 0: Lbl 0: Rnd: √A Ans-1 - . 5: Rnd: Ans→B: A ÷ B2→C: Rnd: C - Ans => C + . 5 => Goto 0: Norm 1: B┘D◢ C
It is much faster when the sqrt no. is very big.
Simplification of nth roots (77 bytes)
?→D: ?→A: ?→X: AX^(D - 1)→A: 1: Fix 0: Lbl 0: Rnd: D x√ ( A ÷Ans ) - . 5: Rnd: Ans→B: A ÷ B^D→C: Rnd: C - Ans => C + . 5 => Goto 0: Norm 1: B┘X◢ C
Input nth root, and the fraction, output (no. outside) and (no. inside the root)
Decimal to square root
Mem clear: Ans→D: Ans2→A: Ans→B: 1→C: Fix 0: Lbl 0: A: Rnd: Ans→X: A - X => Ans-1→A: YX + C→X: Y→C: X→Y: BY: Sci 9: Rnd: Ans→X: Fix 0: Rnd: X - Ans => Goto 0: XY →X: 1: Lbl 1: Rnd: √X Ans-1 - . 5: Rnd: Ans→M: X ÷ M2→C: Rnd: C - Ans => C + . 5 => Goto 1: Norm 1: M┘(D√Y2 ÷ √D2◢ C
First input Ans then press program
e.g. tan30.
Press tan30 EXE P1, show 1/3, 3. $\tan 30 = \frac{1}{3}\sqrt{3}$
Recurring decimal to fraction (29 bytes)
?→A: ?→B: ?→C: ?→M: B┘(10xA - 1M+: M┘10xC
Input (no. of place of non- recurring part), (value of non- recurring part), (no. of place of recurring part) and (value of recurring part).
e.g. 0.23333…, input 1, 2, 1, 3 get 7/30.
No. base (2-16) to decimal system (BASE)
Mem clear: Hex: ?→D: ?→A: 10→B: 1→Y: D => A→B => 10→A => Dec: ?→C: Lbl 0: Dec: C÷B→X: Y(C - BX M+: AY→Y: X→C => Goto 0: D => Hex: M
e.g. 15 under base 7 to decimal, input 0 (means that (2-16) to decimal), 7, 15, get 12.
e.g. 29 under decimal to base 15, input 1 (means that decimal to (2-16)), 15, 29, get 1E.
